Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413115120210601The Iconography of Goddess Tjenenet from the Middle Kingdom to the Late Period11619219110.21608/ijhth.2021.192191ENMina SamyFareedWalidShaikh Al ArabTaherAbdelhamidJournal Article20210831The Egyptian Goddess Tjenenet was a local goddess whose evidence survived from Middle Kingdom to Ptolemaic and Roman Period. She is known mainly as the divine consort of god Montu and a dweller in his chief cult centers, especially at Tod, Armant, and Medamoud. She is often represented anthropomorphically crowned either with two cow’s horns with an integrated sun disk, or with a Bicornuate uterus. Considering that her worship extended over nearly three thousand years, it seems inevitable that her iconography has seen some changes. This paper aims to shed light on the principal development moments of the iconography of goddess Tjenenet by responding to the following inquiries: how far is the possibility to recognize goddess Tjenenet despite the absence of her legends? Could the various aspects of her character influence her iconography? Does the form of this goddess vary according to the role she plays or the period in which she was depicted? Is it possible to consider the representations of Tjenenet as a measure of dating? Therefore, this paper tries to present and clarify the personality of Tjenenet by highlighting her iconographyhttps://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_192191_a7996ff700761269dfbf469fb76117b5.pdfFayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413115120210601Significance of the Egyptian Crocodile on the Roman Imperial Coinage172919438510.21608/ijhth.2021.194385ENWessam Fekry IbrahimMoussaJournal Article20210914No other creature in ancient Egypt was perhaps as feared, revered and frequently depicted as the crocodile. It was one of the first animals to be early portrayed. It also appeared in ancient texts from the Old Kingdom onwards to symbolize the conflict between good and evil. It was mainly worshipped as Sobek, regarded as both a protector and a demon. This is because there were two types of crocodiles, represented in arts, both lived in Egypt. The Crocodylus Suchus and Crocodylus Niloticus. One of them was considered totally sacred, yet the other one was hated and even eaten by others. The Ptolemaic kings paid great attention to the crocodile cult, for the Romans it was the regular symbol of Egypt and its fertile Nile, especially on coins. This study analyzes some selected coins to assess the various representations of the Egyptian crocodile on coins produced during the Roman Imperial. The findings of the research analysis will highlight the significance of the crocodile as a subject sometimes appeared in the field of numismatic studies, to make it possible to answer some questions concerning interpretations and issues related to its various representations on the Roman coinage.https://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_194385_58a53f74295669c490be0d372bbca44c.pdfFayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413115120210601An Analytical Comparative Study of the Two Main Cult Centers of the God Osiris: AbDw and Ddw303719438610.21608/ijhth.2021.194386ENTarneem Farag HussienBayoumyJournal Article20210914The myth of Osiris was an important myth in Ancient Egypt since antiquity, this is proved by its presence in the Pyramid Texts. According to the myth, Seth dismembered his brother Osiris into fourteen parts, that were buried later at fourteen different Egyptian sites in Upper and Lower Egypt. Most of these burial places became cult centers for the god. Two specific centers were more important and received actual and symbolic visits, namely AbDw, capital of the 8<sup>th</sup> Nome of upper Egypt, where Osiris’ head was thought to be buried and Ddw, capital of the 9<sup>th</sup> Nome of lower Egypt, where Osiris’ vertebral column was thought to be buried. These two cult centers were mentioned in religious books, they had fixed annual festivals and were linked to god Osiris’ epithets and titles. The research aims at analyzing these two cult centers, their historical background before and during being a cult center of the god Osiris. The paper also aims at comparing between the two cult centers in regards to festivals and ceremonies, their existence in religious contexts and the timing when they flourished. The paper ends with a main conclusion.https://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_194386_951d79170a1a63082ddd255ee7498c53.pdfFayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413115120210601Implementation of ISO 9001:2015 in a Student Hostel: The Interested Parties' Perspective385019658710.21608/ijhth.2021.196587ENMohammedFathyMahmoud M.HewediAzzaAliAymanAbdelhakimJournal Article20210928ISO 9001 is a wide-implemented quality management system (QMS) standard. It was implemented in all sectors, including hospitality. However, previous research exposed the lack of research on ISO 9001 at institutional establishments, e.g., students' hostels. Thus, this study was conducted to bridge this gap in hospitality literature. This study explores the perspectives of interested parties- customers (students), employees and managers towards the implementation of ISO9001: 2015 at a student's hostel. Based on a constructive worldview, this study used an exploratory case study design. Multiple methods were used for collecting data from three groups of stakeholders', namely customers (students) (n=334); employees (n=150) via self-administrative questionnaires and managers/ directors and supervisors (n= 17) via structured interview. Sampling techniques included a random sample for students, surveying for employees, and purposive sampling for managers and supervisors. Quantitative data obtained from questionnaires were statistically analyzed using SPSS and qualitative data was thematically analyzed. The results revealed that the interested parties- customers (students) and employees have an important role in the implementation of ISO 9001. In addition, the qualitative analysis underlined the main perceived barriers and benefits for implementation of ISO 9001 at the students' hostel. One limitation of this study is the nature and design of the study which utilized case study. Thus, findings cannot be generalized for other institutions. This study is the first on students' hostels in developing context. It contributes to the literature by filling in the gap of ISO9001in welfare and non-profitable establishments. This may guide future research on this era in hospitality industry.https://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_196587_e69908ca65dd13ece79297412a8b0199.pdfFayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413115120210601Arab Tourist Behavior in the Egyptian Tourist Destination516320419210.21608/ijhth.2021.204192ENMohammedAnterMohamed AdelAtiaJournal Article20211110This research aims to study the behavior of the Arab tourist in the Egyptian tourist destination from several aspects, the most important of which is the level of dealing with service providers, and his tendencies and rates of spending and consumption in the Egyptian tourist destination. The researchers designed a scale that was distributed to a random sample of employees in the tourism and hotel fields. One of the most important nationalities of the sample was the Saudi Arabia, Emirates, Kuwait, and Libya tourists. The research tool was designed on the google form website. The tool was electronically distributed to the study sample, and the correct responses came with 391 complete answers. The researchers used the program of Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS V.22) to reach the required results, the most important result is that the rate of satisfaction of tourism service providers with the behavior of Arab tourists is high because of tourists’ good ethics in dealing and always satisfied with the services provided without clear complaints, Arab tourists are the best of tourists because of their behavior in paying for service, tips, and spending. In the end, the research recommended the need to preserve this type of tourist market due to its distinguishment of a set of advantages that are not available in other tourist markets.https://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_204192_869dfe6c849a3b7872db21e54e32daa4.pdfFayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413115120210601Places of Worship of the Common People in Ancient Egypt.647220419610.21608/ijhth.2021.204196ENAhmedEbiedJournal Article20211110The ancient Egyptian considered the king the only priest in ancient Egypt. He is the link between the deities and human beings. Therefore, the priests were the substitutes that replace the king in performing the rituals. By consequence there is no place for the common people inside worship buildings. Therefore, their chapels are one of the most important manifestations of personal piousness in ancient Egypt. Although the common people did not enter the temples during the performance of the rituals, they were known for their extreme piety and endless religiosity. Based on the foregoing, the study explores the rituals of worship of the common people and the places of this worship away from the temple, which wasn’t accessible area for them. The study attempts to answer the following questions: If the temple is the house of God and to which many people take refuge, then what is the case with the inhabitants of far villages and the workers of the desert? Where was the cult of the common people practiced? Did the Egyptian state at that time seek to establish private places or chapels for the common people? If they existed, did the ancient Egyptian satisfied with these places, or they had alternative places of worship for himself and his family? What were their characteristics? Was it restricted to certain people?https://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_204196_affb9a66d6492b202462503f94c1e8bb.pdfFayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413115120210601Challenges Facing the Application of Therapeutic Menus at Fayoum Public Hospital738220420010.21608/ijhth.2021.204200ENMahmoudHewediEmanAhmedNaglaa A.El-SherbinyOmarQouraJournal Article20211110MMenus are considered the most critical tool in food and beverage services that determine the complete food operation i.e., the process, food labor, equipment, and costs. It is an integral part of nutritional care that allows patients to have a lot of choices enhancing their satisfaction with an adequate intake of nutrients required for a patient's speedy recovery. This study aims to identify obstacles and challenges facing nutritional care providers to ensure adequate application of therapeutic menus at Fayoum Public hospital Egypt. A descriptive qualitative case study was conducted on health care workers and food and nutritional care providers at Fayoum Public hospital using semi-structured interviews. Seven themes are reflecting the challenges of therapeutic menu application at Fayoum Public hospital. They are as follows: lack of clear policy and definite responsibilities, absence of patient involvement in the nutritional plan, limited food resources, neglecting the importance of nutrition care, insufficient competence of nutritional care providers, rigid menus within the solid hospital system, and deficient quality and inappropriateness meal. The results imply that the food and nutritional care system have their limits within hospital structure, resources, and organizations. Also, the importance of food and nutritional care plays a critical role in the application of the therapeutic menu. As quality food and nutrition care can improve patient outcomes and reduce costs leading to patient satisfaction.https://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_204200_501f45b7c9a80f6d42026d7026c83134.pdfFayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413115120210601Representation of Female Lute Players in the 18th Dynasty tombs and other Related-Objects839820420610.21608/ijhth.2021.204206ENAbdallah MohammedDiabJournal Article20211110Music was played an important role in ancient Egyptian society, and the lute was among the stringed instrument known in ancient Egypt like a harp and a lyre. Lute was introduced to Egypt during the new Kingdom, due to the Egyptian contacts with Asia and, played by men and women alike. Female lutenist was part of ancient Egyptian musician ensemble playing usually in banquets. This paper focuses on female lutenists as professional musicians especially in the tomb scenes during the 18th dynasty and other related objects. Moreover, the paper deals also with the scenes of female lutenists shown on banquets and represented in the marshes and drawing on ostraca. These lutenists were professional young girls, playing music and dance at the same time. They commonly appear in scenes as nude or nearly nude. This representation is an artistic motif preferred by the artist to portray female lutenists, and it had also its religious connotation that benefited the deceased by regenerating and rebirth him after death. The main objective of the paper is to highlight the female lute player as a professional musician and dancer in the tomb’s scenes, fragmented stone blocks, ostraca, a votive bed, and carved unguent spoons. Besides, it is an attempt to explain their nudity comparing with other musicians in ancient Egypt with their artistic and religious connotations. https://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_204206_8ab3e270985d500dcde6bfd799272e46.pdfFayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413115120210601Customer Spending in the Egyptian Hotels After the Exchange Rate Liberalization9911520458710.21608/ijhth.2021.204587ENAhmedRadyMoamenAbou ElezzMahmoudAbdel-AzizJournal Article20211114The exchange rate liberalization greatly affects the Egyptian tourism industry, customer spending is the main driving element that continues to encourage tourism expansion since it is considered a tool for economic growth, and it is essential to understand the customer spending. The purpose of the research is to study the impact of exchange rate liberalization on customer spending in Egyptian hotels. A mixed technique (quantitative and qualitative) is used to achieve the research objectives. To collect data, a questionnaire targeted Egyptian and foreign tourists, and interviews conducted with hotel managers and tourism experts in the four tourist cities, Hurghada, Marsa Alam, Safaga, and Luxor were employed from March to May 2021 (the months when the field work was applied).The research results found that there is an increase in the value of the Egyptian pound and the level of spending has been severely impacted due to high costs and the price of products. There is a statistically significant effect of the exchange rate liberalization on the customer spending of Egyptian guests in hotels, as there is a negative impact that has led to a decrease in the level of spending of Egyptian tourists because of the depreciation of the Egyptian pound against the dollar.https://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_204587_b59ac0b82dab9d742ba1b2356dbe8c58.pdfFayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413115120210601The Impact of Yield Management on the Profitability of Food and Beverage Department in Five-Star Hotels11612621410210.21608/ijhth.2021.214102ENOncy Helmy Abdel GawadShaheenMohamed A.MorsyOmarQoura,Karam Mohamed GomaaZakiJournal Article20220114Research on applying the Yield Management concept to restaurants has been growing since the term Restaurant Yield Management (RYM) was first investigated in the late nineties<strong>. </strong>This study presents a comprehensive review of the effect of yield management implementation on the profitability of food and beverage sections at five-star hotels in Greater Cairo.The study aims to maximize the revenue in restaurants by applying RYM. The quantitative approach employing an online structured questionnaire was used. The employed sampling type in this study is total population sample, non-probability and purposive. The total distributed questionnaire was one hundred seventy questionnaires and the number of returned and valid questionnaires for analysis is one hundred fifty with the response rate was (88.23%).The findings indicate that pricing significantly affects profitability. Also, competition significantly affects profitability. On the contrary, the other (six) variables of yield management were found to have a significant effect on profitability. The high significance of pricing and competition analysis. https://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_214102_9de028bea26deefaa903bb127059aeeb.pdfFayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413115120210601The Effect of Yield Management on Food & Beverage Department Profitability in Five-Star Hotels in Greater Cairo: A qualitative approach12713821410910.21608/ijhth.2021.214109ENOncy Helmy Abdel GawadShaheenMohamed A.MorsyOmarQouraKaram Mohamed GomaaZakiJournal Article20220114This study aims to identify the concept of yield management in the food and beverage department in the hotels and explore the obstacles that may face Food and beverage yield management implementing in five-star hotels in greater Cairo and its effect on the profitability of the department<strong>. </strong>A qualitative approach was adopted in this research based on structured interviews, the employed sampling type in this study is non-probability and purposive. Many definitions were explored by the expertise and many obstacles may face the implementing yield management practices in F & B department in five-star hotels in greater Cairo has been discovered and showed a great influence on the profitability of the department, many recommendations were advised at the end of the research. Future research<strong>, </strong>more research is required to investigate the practices of food and beverage yield management and to find out the more obstacles facing implementing yield management.https://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_214109_4409bdb513458ab646c07543aeb59f37.pdfFayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413115120210601The Significance of Double Eagle Represented on Ptolemaic Coins13914321411310.21608/ijhth.2021.214113ENDaliaAmineNagouaZoairWahidOmranJournal Article20220114The National Museum of Egyptian Civilization (NEMC) preserved since 2007 a collection of coins that was donated by Emma Jacot to the Greco-Roman Museum of Alexandria in 1953. Some of them were represented with Zeus-Ammon and the double eagles type of with the cornucopia with the epithet PTOAEMAIOU BASELWS have never been published. The scholars have different opinions regarding this type of representation. This research aims to explain the significance of eagle on Ptolemaic coins preserved in NEMC by exanimating and comparing these pieces with other collections with the same representation. The results highlighted some new insights about the eagle and its significance on Ptolemaic coinshttps://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_214113_ca5fc7c974236e0e65b3536f3dc82a06.pdfFayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413115120210601Implementation of Unified Dynamic Brand Logos of Tourism and Hotel Services as A competitive Advantage14415621412010.21608/ijhth.2021.214120ENSalama AmmarMohammedHammad AliBatikHanyKozmalJournal Article20220114This paper aims to investigate the impact of implementing a unified dynamic brand logos of tourism and hotels services are effectively and competitiveness with a competent brand personality. The study sample was 20 five and four stars of Luxor and Aswan hotels and 12 tourism companies. The study was conducted from August 2020 to February 2021. 130 questionnaire forms were received only 100 completed forms were valid (76.92% response rate). The study found that implementation of a unified dynamic brand logos of tourism and hotels services are effective and competitive with a competent brand personality. Finding suggested that the more the guest’s age the more guests' realization in the unified logo of the hotel & tourism services. The effect of Guests' Confidence in the Unified Logo (GCUL) is equal regardless of the nationality of the guests. The study recommends that the ministry of tourism, the tourism companies, and hotels should care about Guests’ Realization of the Unified Logo, and Unified Logo Strength has a significant influence on guests’ purchase Intention. Promoting implementation of unified dynamic brand logos of tourism and hotel services are effective and competitiveness with a competent brand personality is mandatory. Promoting implementation of unified dynamic brand logos of tourism and hotel services are effective and competitiveness with a competent brand personality is mandatory. https://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_214120_04afdb92f2a03a94c7f806095b672aa1.pdfFayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413115120210601The Bronze Coins of Alexander the Great in NEMC Collection15716121413610.21608/ijhth.2021.214136ENDaliaAmineNagouaZoairWahidOmranJournal Article20220114The National Museum of Egyptian Civilization (NEMC) has preserved since 2007 a collection of coins that were donated by Emma Jacot to the Greco-Roman Museum of Alexandria in 1953. The coins represented with the figure of Alexander the Great as a young man with a different hairstyle on the obverse and the Ptolemaic eagle on the reverse; are three examples of this type there are carried with the index numbers (26280, 2628, and 26279), denoting the influence of this leader on the early denomination of bronze coins of Ptolemaic Period. This research aims to study the character of the early Ptolemaic monitoring system and the significance of the depiction of Alexander the Great with the available examples. The results highlighted the Ptolemaic policy of taking advantage of Alexander to reinforce the Ptolemaic kingdom in Egypt.https://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_214136_a8a24b0bb0d4d0761794a1b945c2b9cd.pdfFayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413115120210601Exploring the role of the Faculties of Tourism and Hotels' staff members in developing students' soft skills16217323035210.21608/ijhth.2021.230352ENDinaAhmedWalidAminDoaaHezahMohamedEzzatJournal Article20220411Soft skills are very important for graduates of colleges of tourism and travel HR departments selecting new employees, they are looking for soft skills, such as personality skills, communication skills, and management when skills. The main purpose of this study is to explore the role of staff members of the Faculties of Tourism and Hotels in developing students' soft skills. The questionnaire was used as a means of collecting data from the sample which included all faculties of tourism and hotels in Egypt. A total of 120 Questionnaires were returned and about 14 are rejected because they were not completed, which left (106) responses suitable for the final analysis. The gathered data from the questionnaire were statistically converted using the (SPSS 22) program. this study concluded that there are types of soft skills that faculties targeted to develop among students, communication skills came in the first rank and critical thinking skills came in the last rank. There are roles that the faculty members play to develop soft skills among students at the colleges of Tourism and Hotels based on the responses of the study sample, encouraging students to develop their skills during lectures came in the first rank and courses for distance or online learning in soft skills Specialization came in the last rank. Many obstacles impede the development of soft skills among students of faculties of tourism and hotels according to the responses of the study sample, taking care of the basic technical skills (hard skills) of the courses rather than soft skills came in the first rank and Students are not interested of soft skills came in the last rank.https://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_230352_0cf3dbd77ee8f7cb122ffe29fc57b535.pdfFayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413115120210601The Effect of Ethical Sales Behaviour on Customer Relationship Quality in Hotels17319023035110.21608/ijhth.2021.230351ENYasserAbdel-AtyHythamDerazJournal Article20220411Hotels face a significant challenge to build and maintain strong customer relationships. Therefore, it is essential to assess customer relationship quality (CRQ) and the factors that may influence it, i.e., hotel salespersons’ ethical sales behaviour (ESB), which is a moral factor influencing customers’ attitudes and behaviours. Gaining knowledge about the impact of ESB can help hotel managers to deal effectively with different behaviours of customers towards the organisation and make a difference in increasing CRQ. Although ESB and CRQ are critical for organisations and individuals, they have received minimal study, especially in the hospitality field. This paper investigates the extent to which hotel salespersons behave ethically and assesses the level of the CRQ. Besides, it explores the effect of ESB on CRQ dimensions and the influence of CRQ on selected relational outcomes. Moreover, the study assesses the impact of customers’ moral identity (MI) as a moderating variable on the relationship between ESB and CRQ. Data were collected using questionnaires. A simple random sample of 387 tourism managers working in the travel agencies category (A) in Greater Cairo was chosen. Only 285 valid questionnaire forms were received, representing a response rate of 71.6 per cent. The main results showed that ESB had significant positive effects on all dimensions of CRQ; the customer CRQ positively influenced the selected relational outcomes. Furthermore, it was found that customer MI moderates the positive relationship between ESB and the three dimensions of CRQ. Thus, it was recommended that hotel management maintain the level of CRQ by continuing with the good practice of salespersons’ ESB. In addition, hotel management should maintain employees’ ESB by recruiting, hiring, retaining, training, and promoting ethical salespersons.https://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_230351_0020e1816bf3cd0f3c95e0b2dc943488.pdfFayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413115120210601Role and Contribution of Knowledge Management to Development the Competitiveness in Hotel Industry19120024562810.21608/ijhth.2021.245628ENAhmed MohamedAtefMohamed MahmoudEissaJournal Article20220622Knowledge represents a strategic resource of economic and social development today. It is the basis on which businesses can build sustainable operations and gain competitive advantages. Knowledge management (KM) has been embraced by businesses, particularly in the production and service sectors. However, the hotel industry has still not implemented knowledge management-focused activities to their extent. The introduction of a knowledge management strategy in the Egyptian hotel industry is taking place at a very slow pace. There is a growing awareness within the hotel industry of the need to undertake Knowledge management activities, develop a knowledge management strategy and the importance of human resources. Among researchers and managers, there is constant debate concerning the way knowledge management activities. A 54 questionnaire survey sample was selected and its size corresponded to the part of ten hotels in Cairo to determine their level of Knowledge Management and the extent to which Knowledge Management activities and strategies contribute to the development of a hotel’s competitive ability. The empirical research shows that the hotel industry agrees with the fact that a developed Knowledge Management strategy and the implementation of Knowledge Management-focused activities significantly contribute to the achievement of hotels objectives and goals such as increasing productivity, developing employees, improving business efficiency and customer relation, improving human resource management and creating the environment that encourages innovations and consequently to the successful business performance. Successful business performance of hotels will help in gaining competitive advantages in the local, regional, and global markets. https://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_245628_1cda7c3bcb2efd09a14b9c3b242473a4.pdfFayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413115120210601The opportunities and challenges of adopting electric and hybrid vehicles in tourism road transportation in Egypt20121224562910.21608/ijhth.2021.245629ENHossam FouadArafaAhmed ErfanEltobgyJournal Article20220622This paper aims to investigate the opportunities and challenges of using electric and hybrid vehicles in the tourism transportation sector in Egypt. To achieve this aim, a closed-ended questionnaire was directed to 100 travel agencies in Luxor and Aswan (class A and C) to investigate their opinions concerning positive and negative aspects of actual road tourism transportation means compared to those expected by applying the new hybrid road transportation technology in the Egyptian tourism sector. The study concluded that most travel agencies in Luxor and Aswan are aware and willing to positively participate in implementing the Egyptian vision of sustainable green road transportation by using electric and hybrid vehicles instead of gasoline-based vehicles. Having legislative and economic incentives could influence them to participate more positively.https://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_245629_9512380f325e7310f9078294a24415d4.pdf