Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413114220201201Transformational leadership and its relationship with the empowerment of Employees in The Egyptian Travel Agencies11112803410.21608/ijhth.2020.128034ENYasmine Hassan MohamedAliAlfatma FathallaSalamaMohammadFarragJournal Article20201206The research was conducted with a purpose to investigate the relationship between transformational leadership and empowering the Employees in The Egyptian Travel Agencies. One hundred Travel Agencies category A were selected on simple random sampling basis. A total 600 questionnaires were circulated, out of which 585 questionnaires returned back, after reviewing these questionnaires, 10 questionnaires were excluded for their lack of statistical analysis, so that the number of valid questionnaires became 575, with 95.83% of the total distributed questionnaires. The findings of the study concluded that transformational leadership positively effects empowering the employees in the Egyptian travel agencies category A.Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413114220201201Water Quality as a Food Safety Special Issue on Cruise Ships: Applied to Cruises in the Governorates of Luxor and Aswan122715413910.21608/ijhth.2020.154139ENMaisa FatheyAbd El-latiefJournal Article20210306Cruises in Egypt have a distinguished international reputation and even in the critical times that Egyptian tourism suffered, these cruises were on the River Nile filled up with tourists coming to them from every part of the world. However, cruise customers can be exposed to dangerous situations involving water borne illnesses. The objectives of the study are to reveal the current water quality situation, investigate the interaction of activities and water quality, and their effects on food safety and human health. The results got fresh water for ships in one of two ways: by producing it onboard by mean (4.58) or by acquiring it from local sources in ports by mean (4.71). The research results were obtained through the questionnaires distribution, as well as obtaining a water sample and analyzing it both microbiologically and chemically. The results of this study showed that the extent of water hygiene and safety in floating hotels in Luxor and Aswan governorates, and the impact of using that water on the health of the inmates, and sources of pollution. (131) questionnaires were distributed to floating hotel managers, while (86) questionnaires were retrieved by (65.6%). To measure the extent of awareness and attention to water quality in floating hotels in the governorates of Luxor and Aswan and highlight the sources of pollution in order to pay attention to the health and safety of inmates and workers. A random water sample was obtained from a cruise to ensure the health and safety of water that used on a board of cruises. It has already been proven that there are no microbes, and the report has already confirmed that the water sample is suitable for human consumption. While, the bacteriological analysis of water was done by a medical analysis laboratory, expert in microbiologically and chemically analysis.Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413114220201201Scenes of Mongoose as a Predator in the Papyrus Thicket During the Old Kingdom284115414110.21608/ijhth.2020.154141ENAbdallah MohammedDiabJournal Article20210306This paper studies the mongoose (<em>ichneumon</em>) as a predator widely represented in the fowling and fishing scenes, chasing birds in a papyrus thicket. From the predynastic period, several scholars attempted to attest the mongoose among other animals prevailed at this time, which had been called different names in ancient Egyptian language. It also deals with specific features of mongoose in order to differentiate it from other similar animals such as Otter and Weasel. The paper reviews many tomb scenes of the mongoose as a predator of young birds in their nests, with several scenes, causing the belief that the ancient Egyptian trying to tame it. Besides, it discusses the unrealistic appearance of the papyrus thicket in which the animals were preyed, as a fictional rather than a true reflection of wildlife. furthermore, the religious meaning interpreted these scenes. Especially, all related scenes were found in a funerary context and therefore one expects them to have a religious dimension, even though this was not explicitly stated.Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413114220201201Scaring Birds: The concept of the Scarecrow in Ancient Egypt425115414310.21608/ijhth.2020.154143ENWalaa MohamedAbdelhakimJournal Article20210306Throughout history scarecrows were made and used by various cultures round the world. Generally the scarecrow is the straw object set up in the fields and gardens to scare birds away from the crops are growing. In ancient Egypt various methods were used with the same concept as the scarecrow to protect the harvest from birds’ attacks. The research displays and discusses these methods that appeared throughout the different periods of the ancient Egyptian history. To achieve the aim of the study the descriptive and analytical methodology will be employed. In spite of the lack of references that clearly and directly deal with the ancient Egyptian scarecrow the study resulted in certain important points including the three main methods that were used to scare birds as scarecrow in fields and gardens and were represented in the ancient Egyptian harvest scenes: bird netting (the ground net), scarer, and corn dollyFayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413114220201201Perception of Awon Mass Wedding Festival by Contemporary Shao Community of Kwara State, Nigeria526015414210.21608/ijhth.2020.154142ENT. G.YusufToluwalase M.IkusemijuA. S.HabeebJournal Article20210306The study investigated the perception of Awon Mass Wedding Festival by the contemporary Shao community of Kwara State, Nigeria. The importance of this study dwells on reawakening the consciousness of relevant stakeholders towards ensuring sustainable development of Awon Mass Wedding Festival. Literature reveals that festivals are expressive ways to celebrate glorious heritage, culture, and traditions. Often, debates polarize into those advocating change and those wishing to preserve “traditional” or “local” culture in the face of modernization and globalization. However, preserving a culture ensures “authenticity” which is mostly cherished in heritage tourism. Awon Mass Wedding Festival is a unique culture found in very few countries of the world. Questionnaire was used to retrieve data from 20 maidens purposively selected and 107 residents selected by simple random technique. Participant observation and Key Informant Interview were also deployed to elicit information from respondents. The study established the most important factors encouraging maidens’ participation to include culture (54.2%) and family custom and tradition (19.6%) while factors discouraging participation were; civilization (36.4%), religion (17.7%), lack of interest (5.6%), educational level (3.7%), erroneous belief about implications of participation in the festival (2.8%), and emigration (1.9%).Ways of improving the festival identified in this study were; increasing awareness and publicity (43%), securing sponsorship (38.3%), encouraging participation (14.9%) and including more leisure activities in the festival (3.7%). Correlation analysis showed a significant relationship between education (r = -0.194), membership of social organizations (r = 0.304) and perception of Awon festival at p < 0.05. Conclusively<strong>, </strong>majority of the community members have a positive perception of the festival, though this had been grossly influenced by religion. Contemporarily, not all maidens of the community subscribe to the festival unlike in the past. The study recommended that; members of the community should be re - orientated to support the festival, maidens of high social status should be encouraged to participate, and the Local Organizing Committee should strategize for better branding of the festival.Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413114220201201The provincial policies of Teti, Pepy I and Merenre in Upper Egypt617215417210.21608/ijhth.2020.154172ENSamehSameh ShafikJournal Article20210306Relations between capital and provinces were particularly important for the successful administration of Old Kingdom Egypt. The royal court and the central bureaucracy depended on the provinces for economic provision and military protection. The present paper examines this relationship by a study of evidence from Old Kingdom tombs in a range of Upper Egyptian provinces as well as those in the capital cemeteries. The data suggests that with declining resources the central government was wavering between the need to decentralise the provincial administration by appointing governors to reside permanently in each province, and the risk of these ambitious, energetic officials taking root in their respective provinces, establishing power bases and becoming impossible to remove as the generations progressed. In trying to solve this problem the central administration changed the provincial administrative system a number of times during the reigns of Teti, Pepy I and Merenre.Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413114220201201Assessing Tourism Services Quality and Its Effect on Egyptians Tourists Satisfaction in Hurghada738715506410.21608/ijhth.2020.155064ENMohammed A.KhalafWafaa AhmedEliasGhada MohamedWafekJournal Article20210308In the world of business, customers are crucial. Companies must keep satisfying their customers to improve profitability and market share to survive in the competition. Companies need to find what their customers need, what they want, and what they value. Service quality has been the topic of many research studies during the last decades. In recent decades, authors found that the quality of services has a significant influence on customer satisfaction. The purpose of this paper is to assess the level of tourism service quality presented by travel agencies and its influence on tourist's satisfaction in Hurghada city. To achieve the aim of the research, quantitative approach based on a questionnaire was developed and directed to a sample of Egyptians tourists. The questionnaire was handled to 650 Egyptians tourists. Out of this number, 578 forms were available for analysis representing 88.9% response rate. The research indicated that Egyptians tourists are satisfied with accommodation and catering services quality then optional tours services quality. But they less satisfied with the arrival and departure times. After discussing the findings of the research, the research pointed to a conclusion and recommendation with respect to assess the tourism services quality in Hurghada city.Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413114220201201Metaphorical Use of Nature in Expressing Self-perfection from the Middle Kingdom till the Early of the Ptolemaic Period889615517910.21608/ijhth.2020.155179ENMohammedHeragiMohamedZienJournal Article20210309Using metaphors of self-perfection and pride are considered clear and strong indication that the Egyptians gave care for their social image and the way it was presented for the readers of their literary texts. Therefore, they strived to present their self- perfection in an aesthetic and atypical way through a decorative and beautiful language. The study discusses representations of the self-perfection by the individuals in ancient Egyptian literature untill the early Ptolemaic Period. The researcher argued that the ancient Egyptians were aware of how to draw pictures of their reality and characters in metaphorical way by using the most appropriate examples. For example, they used some natural elements like sun, moon, stars, flowers, plants, trees, flowing waters of the Nile and others because of their beautiful and beneficent nature. These metaphors express many moral aspects of ancient Egyptians' character such as great-hearted, brave, trusted, sharp, lovable and cool person.Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413114220201201The Influence of Safety Culture (SC) on Hotel Employees' Safe Behaviour during the Crisis of Covid-199711115525310.21608/ijhth.2020.155253ENMohammed N.ElzinyHany EMohamedJournal Article20210309Several investigations on crisis management are demonstrating interest in the role of occupational safety culture awareness factors. Thus, focusing on safety culture factors is an essential issue in health and safety as a means of the mitigating crisis caused by nature in the workplace. This study investigates the influence of hotel safety culture on employees' safe-behavior during the crisis of Covid-19 in order to recommend some practices and allowing those who in charge of this industry to follow during this period to overcome this crisis. Therefore, the first step is to identify the relevant safety culture factors. A measurement tool in the form of a questionnaire was used to explore the impact of hotel safety culture (HSC) on employee safe-behavior. The questionnaire survey contains twelve constructs, namely: “risk management; safety training; safety knowledge; safety rules; safety perceptions; safety supervision; safety commitment; safety rewards and punishment; safety environment; safety communication; safety compliance and safety participation". Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was utilized to analyze 257 questionnaire forms collected from employees. The study results depict six safety culture factors out of ten proposed (risk management; safety training; safety rules; safety supervision; safety environment; safety communication) were the most important factors affecting employees' safe-behavior during the crisis of COVID-19.Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413114220201201Procedures Applied by Egyptian 5-star Hotels during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic (Reality and Prospect)11212815687510.21608/ijhth.2020.156875ENAhmedRadyM. AdelAtiaJournal Article20210315Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic is a highly contagious and pathogenic viral infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome. This pandemic has negatively affected all sectors of the world, especially the tourism sector. Therefore, this research aimed to study the procedures used in 5-star hotels to deal with this crisis and to analyze the gap between actual and targeted practices. A questionnaire was used as an instrument for collecting primary data that consisted of four dimensions; adjust hotel operations; food and beverage offers provided at the hotel; cleaning and disinfection practices; and social distancing practices. The sample of the research was selected using a convenience sampling technique from 5-star managers (49) and customers (155) at Hurghada and Sharm El-Sheikh cities to select a sample of the research. The results revealed that there were statistically significant differences between the opinions of managers and customers in terms of all procedures applied at 5-star hotels during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Moreover, there are significant differences between that procedures and the standard level. The research suggested that it is necessary to review the procedures followed by 5-star hotels during COVID-19 pandemic such as adjusting hotel operations, food and beverages offers, cleaning and disinfection practices and social distancing practices.Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413114220201201Attitudes of Faculty Staff and Students Towards the Experience of Distance Learning During COVID-19 According to Learning Outcomes: A comparative Study Between Faculty of Education and Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Fayoum University.12914219389010.21608/ijhth.2020.193890ENMohammed Ahmed Owees AliAbdullahMarwa Sayed WahbaMahmoudAzza Abd Elmonem Abd ElattiAliJournal Article20210910<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Th</span>e world is currently witnessing a major event that may threaten education with a tremendous crisis, perhaps the most dangerous in our contemporary times, which is the emerging COVID-19 crisis, as schools and university faculties have adopted the method of distance learning to overcome this crisis by giving virtual lectures and enabling students to follow lectures in their homes via Computers, and had it not been for this epidemic pandemic, our schools and universities would not have distance learning in the manner imposed by the circumstances of this pandemic. The study was aimed at recognition the attitudes of faculty staff and students of Fayoum University towards the experience of Distance learning in light of the COVID-19 pandemic according to learning outcomes<strong>,</strong> the study reached a set of results, including The distance learning experience in light of COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to achieving a set of educational advantages in all elements of the curriculum system and the educational process for faculty staff and the assisting body in various aspectsalso distance learning faces some challenges such as the immature infrastructure, unawareness, resistance to change, and computer/Internet illiteracy. Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413114220201201Turtle, the Mysterious of the Sky14316119660010.21608/ijhth.2020.196600ENWael SayedSolimanJournal Article20210928<span>Turtle was not a sacred animal to the Egyptians, but it occupied an important part of the scenery art in Ancient Egypt. It dwelled the sky by the Early New Kingdom, and acquired a traditional shape represent the animal form itself and forms widespread renovations in the Late and Greco-Roman Periods. This study identifies the specific source for the turtle figures on some distinctive astronomical scenes, shown a complete relation with the depictions of such animal and its consequence in these kinds of scenes; while the best examples of turtle figures have been found on the ceiling of the temples, tombs, inner side of some sarcophagi’s lids, galleries, water clock and others. It occupied an important part on the ancient Egyptian astronomical scenes, as a constellation and then one of the 36 decans, and always shown in its natural figurine, without any mythological features (wings, human bodies, other animal bodies, etc.) like many other animals-creatures.</span>Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413114220201201Evaluating the experience of using e-learning tools in tourism education during COVID-19: students' perspectives16217219659610.21608/ijhth.2021.196596ENMarwa. A.M.Abdel-JalilJournal Article20210928E-learning has become one of the most appropriate ways to deliver curricula, conduct assessments and do exams, especially after the spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which is a major turning point in accelerating the use of e-learning technologies around the world. This study evaluates the experience and readiness of tourism undergraduate students for adopting e-learning in governmental universities of Egypt. The study employs the deductive approach using quantitative method and uses a questionnaire form to evaluate internet efficacy, communication self-efficacy, computer anxiety and institutional support relevant to student's readiness of e-learning. Collecting data from a random sample of 1757 students, the findings revealed positive attitudes of students toward e-learning experience. The present study provides useful implications to policy-makers in tourism and hospitality education in Egypt and other developing countries in order to develop the e-learning experience.Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413114220201201Finding the Missing Pieces of Food Safety Training Puzzle on Nile Cruises: a Delphi Approach17318520866510.21608/ijhth.2020.208665ENAyman SafiAbdelhakimMahmoud M.HewediSafwatAdamJournal Article20211211The Nile cruises operating between Luxor and Aswan are major contributors to tourism and hospitality in Egypt. Research has found that one of the vital challenges is the absence/ lack of effective management of food safety since some food poisoning incidences on Nile cruises were reported. However, there is no in-depth evidence on food safety training features on Nile cruises. This study aims to determine the consensus among a sample of experts on the main features of food safety training on the Nile cruises. A panel of 30 experts participated in a modified, three-round Delphi technique (DT) for conducting this study. The panel included academics, food safety trainers, Nile cruises managers, food safety auditors, and tourism and health ministries experts. The findings exposed that ineffective training needs analysis, evaluation, and vague legal requirements are the most important feature of food safety training on Nile cruises. The findings of this study may be useful for cruisers management, food safety trainers and auditors, as well as policymakers for future effective food safety training.Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413114220201201The Role of Teaching Aids in Higher Education to Counter the Emerging Coronavirus (COVID-19)18620721194210.21608/ijhth.2020.211942ENHany AtefKouzmalMahmoudSalehMamdouh Ahmed MohammedMohammedJournal Article20220101Producing a competent and highly qualified graduate has become a vital issue in higher education concern. Graduates could be well-prepared for the required skills which meet the hospitality industry’s needs and demands by applying appropriate and updated teaching aids. The research aims are focused to measure and rank the role of the teaching aids in higher education from the students’ and lecturers’ opinions to identify the areas that need improvements and to counter the emerging Coronavirus. Moreover, if the above-mentioned affected and stipulated the achievement of their purposes, roles, and tasks in the teaching and learning process. Questionnaires were distributed to lecturers and students of the three higher tourism and hotels institutes in Egypt. Nine hundred fifty persons completed questionnaires and returned, then after 822 out of them were valid for the research to be analyzed by (86.52 % valid rate). Results show that teaching aids have a vital role in higher education to counter the emerging coronavirus (COVID-19). Moreover, the use of modern technology in educational aids contributes to supporting higher education to counter the emerging Coronavirus; using remote teaching aids tools which satisfy students and people to prevent the spread of the Coronavirus; teaching aids help raise the level of students. The study recommended that: more care should be taken with regard to assessing the role of educational aids in higher education to confront the emerging coronavirus. Improving technical support provided by higher education; As well as renewing the content of distance educational tools; the role of educational aids especially on distance must be activated for their role in supporting higher education to counter the Coronavirus; this by its turn should encourage the application of educational methods as an active teaching method in higher education, which has become an inevitable and indispensable necessity for conducting this study.Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413114220201201Factors Influencing Customer Value Co-Creation in Hotels: Customer Perspective20822523034910.21608/ijhth.2020.230349ENYasserAbdel-AtyHythamDerazJournal Article20220411Hotels strive to co-create value with customers to understand their needs and introduce innovative products. Value co-creation brings about many benefits not only for businesses but also for customers. Given the importance of value co-creation in the hotel business, it is imperative to investigate and determine the factors that affect it. Also, this study examines the impact of three different types of predictors (i.e., employee, customer, and company factors) on customer value co-creation (CVC). For attaining these objectives, data was collected using questionnaires from a convenience sample of 400 customers in 10 five-star hotels in Cairo. However, valid questionnaire forms received from customers were 244, with a response rate of 61 per cent. Descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. In terms of research results, the three types of independent factors were found to positively affect CVC. Moreover, value co-creation was significantly influenced by two elements of individual characteristics (i.e., age and educational level). Therefore, results suggested that hotels should maintain employees’ current level of EI and empathy. Furthermore, hotels should involve customers more in value co-creation activities. Moreover, hotels must not only continue to provide customer education and organizational support, but also must increase these resources.Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413114220201201The Effect of Transformational Leadership on Job Crafting in Hotels: The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital22624423062810.21608/ijhth.2020.230628ENYasserAbdel-AtyHythamDerazJournal Article20220413Job crafting (JC) is of crucial importance for organizations and individuals. It brings about several positive employee-related results (e.g., increased engagement) as well as positive customer-related results (such as solving customer problems). Despite the recognition of JC importance, there is very limited research in the hospitality field that investigated employee JC and the factors affecting it, such as transformational leadership (TFL). Therefore, the study aimed at identifying the extent to which the hotels apply TFL; investigating the degree to which hotel employees craft their jobs; examining how TFL impacts JC dimensions and investigating the effect of psychological capital (PsyCap) as a mediating variable on the relationship between TFL and JC. For the attainment of these objectives, data were gathered via questionnaires. A convenience sample of 750 hotel employees from 15 five-star hotels in Cairo was chosen for investigation. Only 400 valid questionnaire forms were received from the employees. Descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, as well as multiple regression analysis, were used. The findings indicated that TFL positively influenced each of the four facets of JC partially by enhancing PsyCap. All demographic and employment characteristics (i.e. gender; age; educational level; department; tenure) were found to positively affect JC. Thus, it is suggested that hotel management should continue with the good practice of TFL as it positively influences the employees’ JC. Additionally, hotels should help employees improve all dimensions of PsyCap, especially resilience and optimism and increase crucial positive factors that contribute to enhancing employees’ PsyCap.Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and HotelsInternational Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality2636-413114220201201Practical Aspects of Hospitality Education in Alexandria: A SOWT Analysis Approach24425633626510.21608/ijhth.2020.336265ENJournal Article20240114Education is considered one of the main requirements of human societies, which is why they developed educational establishments with different specializations. In this context, the study aims to identify the role played by the tourism educational establishments in Alexandria in the practical aspects i.e. practical sections/ sessions. This study aims to analyze the current state of practical aspects of hospitality education based on SWOT approach among the higher tourism and hospitality institutions in Alexandria, Egypt. Based on the SWOT approach, this study adopted descriptive and evaluative case study methodology to evaluate the practical aspects of hospitality education in Alexandria, Egypt. In sequence, many sources of data were used, including questionnaire form, semi-structure interview, and observation checklist to collect the required primary data. The results exposed that the stakeholders of educational establishments pay much attention to the practical aspects and training during the scholar year or even during the summer holiday. Also, they provide their student with enough news, maintenance, cleaning stations, and simulations for practical aspects and sessions. The study recommends that all tourism education establishments should gather and form a union to pay more attention to training and practical issues. Moreover, further studies should take into account all tourism education especially if they facilitate conducting such studies